Assuring the reliability of your sampling results
Abbott, David M., Jr., Consulting Geologist LLC, Denver, Colorado
Abstract
Sample analyses constitute one of the fundamental data types
forming the basis of our professional work. But do the analytical results
actually reflect what we think they do? Have the sampling, sample preparation,
and analytical procedures been tested by a quality assurance/ quality control
program that demonstrates the reliability and repeatability of the sampling
results? Failure to include appropriate quality assurance/quality control
procedures renders the sampling results at least suspect and potentially as
totally unreliable. The submission of blind, duplicate samples is required at a
minimum. For samples of elements or compounds that are very small portions of
the total, say in 0.1% quantities, or less, such as precious metals and some
contaminants, the use of standard and blank samples should also be part of the
quality assurance/quality control program. For samples testing major
constituents of the sample, for example, the CaCO3 content of a
limestone, the use of standard and blank samples may not be needed.
The analytical results of quality assurance/quality control
are easily analyzed. The duplicate samples should yield the same result and
standard samples the standard result within acceptable analytical limits. Just
because a laboratory routinely runs its own quality assurance/quality control
program (if it doesn’t, don’t use the lab) does not demonstrate that your sample
results are reliable. The use of independent analytical laboratories cannot, in
and of itself, ensure that a reliable sampling, preparation, and analytical
program has occurred. You must test the process.
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Reductive Dechlorination of Carbon Tetrachloride in Groundwater within
Unconsolidated Quaternary Sediments
Susanne Biteman (sbiteman@pirnie.com), Gregory Foote (Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.,
Lansing, Michigan, USA), Scott MacFabe (Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Schaumburg,
Illinois, USA)
Abstract
A pilot-scale treatment zone (TZ) injected across the width
of a carbon tetrachloride (CT) plume effectively decreased the concentration of
CT in groundwater with no accumulation of degradation products. The CT plume
extends from a grain elevator approximately 2,500 feet downgradient where it
discharges into a small creek; the highest concentrations of CT (2,500 µg/L) are
located near the source area The geologic history in the study area resulted in
a mix of interbedded sand, gravel, clay, and silt overlying Permian age shale.
Bench-scale testing was conducted to identify the preferred
remedial technology – injection of Adventus EHC™ into saturated sand units
across the plume width near the source area. EHC combines controlled-release,
fibrous organic carbon, and micro-scale zero-valent iron and acts through in
situ chemical reduction to create strongly reducing conditions that
stimulate rapid dechlorination of CT and other chlorinated solvents.
Groundwater sampling results 13 to 22 months after
installation of the TZ have shown a 97% decline in CT concentration 70 feet
downgradient of the TZ. Groundwater sampling results 22 months after
installation of the TZ have shown a 88% decline in CT concentration 600 feet
downgradient of the TZ. Implementation of this remedial technology as a pilot
test has allowed us to achieve cleanup goals. Following implementation of the
EHC TZ and upon acquiring groundwater data that document the success of this
remedial technology, our client received an approved voluntary cleanup plan from
the state regulatory agency as part of a long-term remediation solution.
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Hydrogeology and Geochemistry of a Potential Spring Water Source for Consumer
Bottled Water Products, Newaygo County, Michigan
Allan R. Blaske (CPG 10529), David Dryburgh, and Gary Braun, STS Consultants,
Ltd., 401 S. Washington Square, Suite 103, Lansing, MI 48933
Gregory Fox, Nestle Waters North America Inc., 19275 8 Mile Road, Stanwood,
MI 49346
Abstract
A groundwater spring aquifer was investigated for potential
development for the Ice Mountain brand of bottled spring water. The FDA
definition of "spring water" requires that spring water pumped from a well (1)
be from the same underground stratum as the spring, as shown by a measurable
hydraulic connection between the borehole and the natural spring, and (2) have
all the physical properties, and be of the same composition and quality, as the
water that flows naturally through the spring.
Regional geology of the project site consists of glacial
outwash flanked by glacial moraine deposits. Subsurface soil consists of medium
to coarse sand with gravel, and thin layers of fine-grained sand, silt, and
clay. Regionally, groundwater is present in an unconfined aquifer, but separated
locally into upper and lower hydrostatic units by a layer of fine-grained
sediments. Springs occur where surface topography intersects the water table.
Aquifer tests at the test well indicated a hydraulic
connection between the well and springs, however, water samples indicated a
difference in chemistry between the upper and lower portions of the aquifer.
Field parameters indicated a reducing environment within the lower portion
(negative ORP and low DO), along with high levels of iron and manganese. The
upper portion (including the spring) exhibited an oxidizing environment with
positive ORP and high DO. Conductivity, TDS, and hardness are higher in the
lower portion than in the upper portion.
The test well satisfied one aspect of the FDA standard -- a
measurable hydraulic connection between the well and the spring -- but not the
other. Water samples from the well had a different mineral composition than the
water flowing through the spring, and had a different mineral composition than
spring water currently bottled as Ice Mountain.
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A 50-Year Recount and Forecast of Groundwater Use and Availability in the
Upper Huron River Basin
Bolt, Walter J., Vice President, The Mannik & Smith Group, Inc., 2365
Haggerty Road South, Canton, MI;
Eric E. Wallis, CPG Manager Groundwater Programs, Waste Management, Inc.
48797 Alpha Drive, Suite 100, Wixom, MI;
Michael J. Friedhoff , CPG, Hydrogeologist, The Mannik & Smith
Group, Inc., 2365 Haggerty Road South, Canton, MI
Thomas E. Peters, CPG, CHMM, Senior Project Manager, The Mannik & Smith
Group, Inc., 2365 Haggerty Road South, Canton, MI
Abstract
Previous work by the eminent Dr. George R. Kunkle (1960)
suggested that in the year 2010 groundwater extraction would begin to produce
progressive declines in the water table of the Upper Huron River Basin when well
withdrawal reaches 10.5 billion gallons per year (BGY). This data suggests the
declines in the water table will occur first where demand is high and underflow
is low. For example, Kunkle hypothesized that some areas, such as northeastern
Pittsfield Township, in which availability of groundwater is low and demand is
high were entering a period of progressive groundwater level declines in 1960.
The current authors have compiled water well use and other
hydrologic information for the Upper Huron River Basin to assess the current
conditions relative to Kunkle’s prediction and to estimate impacts to ground
water sustainability for the next 50 years. Data is evaluated using the
hydrologic equilibrium equation in conjunction with assumptions made by Kunkle.
Present data suggests the well extraction rates are approaching 10.5 BGY and
underscores need for more direct empirical study.
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MANAGING CONFLICT-INCREASING PROFITS
Lawrence A. Cerrillo, CPG 2763
Abstract
As professionals in our respective disciplines we interface
on a daily basis with others in our profession that may be of a different
discipline, in addition to clients, subcontractors, governmental agency
personnel, special interest groups, and numerous others. Because of inherent
differences, limited resources, organizational structure, misinformation, etc.,
the potential for destructive conflict is thus quite high and perhaps even
inevitable. What is not inevitable is that all conflict be negative.
Constructive conflict can provide positive, productive and progressive
environments.
More than 50% of personnel turnover in a company can be
attributed directly or indirectly to destructive conflict. The direct and
indirect costs of replacing these individuals ranges from 75-150 percent of a
persons annual salary. Depending on the size of your company, it can be the
difference between a profit or loss year. Project overruns, loss of clients,
passive aggressive behavior, reduction in quality of service and more resulting
from conflict that goes unnoticed or worse, unaddressed all add to these costs.
This workshop will help you to recognize the sources of
conflict, what the continuum of conflict is, conflict styles, anger, causes of
dysfunctional teams and how to move from destructive conflict to constructive
conflict and thereby increase profits.
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Using Non-Intrusive Geophysical Techniques to Identify Potential Hazards at
the Decommissioned Camp Lucas Military Facility in Sault Ste. Marie, MI
Churchill, Kim M. and Paul R. Kelso. Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste.
Marie, Michigan
Camp Lucas is a decommissioned military facility located in
the northeastern part of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula in the town of Sault Ste.
Marie. There are concerns that defense department materials remain buried at the
site. The primary objective of this geophysical investigation was to identify
potential underground hazards at the site.
This investigation utilized magnetic, electromagnetic,
electrical resistivity and ground penetrating radar techniques in order to
detect the presence of subsurface materials. The geophysical survey suggests
that multiple bodies with varying characteristics are buried at the site. Models
created for the magnetic anomalies were consistent with the susceptibility of
ferrous materials and had dimensions of two meters or less. These sizes indicate
that the most likely cause for the large anomalies is due to targets such as
pits or trenches with various ferrous materials.
The geophysical methods used provided coverage of the survey
area in a short period of time and were non-intrusive. The results obtained from
the different techniques were complimentary and indicate caution should be
exercised when developing the area. Further investigation is necessary to
determine if the buried materials are hazardous to the environment.
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James C. Cobb, University of Kentucky, Kentucky Geological Survey, Lexington,
KY 40506-0107, cobb@uky.edu
Abstract
A recently-completed study by the National Research Council
titled, "Coal Research and Development to Support National Energy Policy,"
was initiated by Congress to investigate research and development in areas of
the coal fuel cycle. The study’s final report recommends $144 million in new
federal spending for coal R & D for the "upstream" side of the coal fuel cycle
including: coal reserves, miner health and safety, environmental protection and
CO2 management, and mine productivity. Currently, 90 percent of
federal spending goes for "downstream" activities, utilization and transmission,
while only 10 percent goes for "upstream" activities in the coal cycle.
About one quarter of all energy used in the U.S. and over
half of the country’s electricity is produced from coal. Forecasts for the next
25 years predict increasing demand for electricity in the U.S. and therefore
increasing use of coal by as much as 60 to 70 percent. There is a potential for
larger increases if coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas technologies are developed.
Many factors are considered in the forecasts for coal, and particularly
significant are concerns over CO2 emissions and global climate
change. Potential controls on greenhouse gas, especially CO2
emissions, and the technical and economic feasibility of CO2 control
measures are significant issues affecting the outlook for the future of coal in
the U.S.
Contact
James C. Cobb
Director and State Geologist
Kentucky Geological Survey
University of Kentucky
(859) 257-5500 ext. 130
cobb@uky.edu
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Push-Ahead© Vertical Aquifer Sampling Methodology with Sonic
Drilling
Cok, Thomas P., CPG, Hydrogeologic Group Manager, The Mannik & Smith Group,
Inc. 2365 Haggerty Road South, Canton, MI; Mark F. Schult, Ph.D., CPG, Project Hydrogeologist, The Mannik & Smith Group,
Inc. 2365 Haggerty Road South, Canton, MI; Dennis Robins, Branch Manager, Boart Longyear, Inc. 6215 Lehman Drive, Flint,
MI; and Walter J. Bolt, CPG, Vice President, The Mannik & Smith group, Inc. 2365
Haggerty Road South, Canton, MI
Abstract
Groundwater investigations of dense non-aqueous phase
liquid (DNAPL) or brine plumes that extend hundreds of feet deep into
unconsolidated sediments present drilling and sampling challenges that can
increase project time and cost. Sonic drilling methodology is a preferred
sampling method in these environments for its superior drilling speed, good
recovery of undisturbed, large-diameter core samples, significant reduction of
derived waste, uniform boreholes with a minimum of drift and the ability to seal
off saturated zones from one another without setting permanent multiple
outer-well casings. However, the required inducement of water during drill stem
advancement can greatly increase time and expense where the collection of
vertical aquifer profile (VAP) sampling is desired. PROSONIC Corporation
(recently acquired by Boart Longyear, Inc.) has developed a new Push-Ahead©
sampling device that can collect representative ground water VAP samples
while minimizing purge volumes and sampling time.
The sonic drilling Push-Ahead© sampler was
developed to overcome sampling difficulties at a State of Michigan Department of
Environmental Quality (MDEQ) Site investigation of a 7-mile long TCE plume
located in the vicinity of Mancelona, Michigan. From 2004 through 2006, the
State retained PROSONIC to advance twenty-six (26) VAP borings and install
thirty-two (32) monitoring wells. Glacial alluvial sediments were explored to
depths approaching 600 feet below ground level. Use of the Push-Ahead©
VAP sampling device lead to significantly reduced purge water volumes and
sampling time. Comparison of data and quality objectives are assessed using the
New Push-Ahead© VAP sampling method from those employed using
traditional sonic drilling and sampling techniques.
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Global Warming and Anthropogenic CO2: Supporter, Doubter, or Denier?
Robert G. Corbett, CPG 4502, Normal, Illinois, Gary T. Dannemiller, CPG 5118
Lansing, Michigan
Abstract
Earth has warmed and sea level has risen since the last
interglacial began. Science behind climate change and the role of greenhouse
gases are poorly understood. The link between global warming and CO2 is a
prediction approach, not a cause and effect explanation.
What constitutes an argument? Mere correlation is not
enough to establish causation, unless there are no other variables that
can reasonably explain the situation.
The argument: humankind is burning increasing amounts of
carbon-based fuels, releasing carbon dioxide. CO2 content increases in the
atmosphere, and that prevents some heat from re-radiating to space. Conclusion:
burning more fossil fuels causes the Earth to become warmer.
This argument involves classic false cause and effect.
Why? Other causes for global warming are possible. This does not prove or
disprove one theory, but it does invalidate the fast conclusion.
An explanation independent of CO2 is presented by Singer and
Avery (2007). They cite failures of the Greenhouse theory, and many world- and
culture-wide evidences that relate to climate. The Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle, an
irregular 1470 year moderate warming and cooling cycle is based on O18/O16 in
ice cores, although no single solar cycle matches.
If anthropogenic CO2 is not the cause, humankind shall err on
many fronts.
Why doubt? We need clear proof that the increase in CO2 from
burning fossil fuel is enough of a factor for humankind to curtail burning of
fossil fuels.
Contact
Robert G. Corbett, CPG 4502
Normal, Illinois
Gary T. Dannemiller, CPG 5118
Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc.
Lansing, Michigan
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Late Precambrian Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Carolina Slate Belt,
South-Central North Carolina
Gail G. Gibson, Ph.D., CPG, PR, REP (ggibson@fccj.edu)
Abstract
The Carolina Slate Belt (CSB) or Carolina Terrane of
south-central North Carolina is a younging southward sequence of late
Precambrian to Middle Cambrian sedimentary units derived from mafic volcanic
source areas. The CSB volcanosedimentary sequence in this area lies conformably
on felsic rhyolite and tuff units of the Uwarrie Formation.
In south-central North Carolina, the CSB volcanosedimentary
sequence is about 3,000 meters thick and has been subjected to low grade
regional metamorphism as well as local contact metamorphism associated with
Mesozoic intrusions. This sequence begins with the Tillery Formation above the
Uwharrie Formation. The Tillery can be subdivided into lower, middle and upper
portion, but overall is characterized by thin couplets, interpreted as seasonal
deposits, or as distal turbidite units. Above the Tillery is the McManus
Formation, which likewise can be internally subdivided, but overall is a
massively bedded siltstone-claystone unit that contains late Precambrian body
fossils and trace fossils.
In 1968, two body fossils on a stream boulder from Stanly
County, North Carolina, were identified as the trilobite (Paradoxides
carolinensis [new species]), which appeared to agree with radiometric dates,
as Middle Cambrian. In 1982, two similar body fossils were found, also not in
place, and identified as the Late Precambrian Ediacaran genus Pteridinium.
Revisiting the earlier described fossils revealed the earlier trilobite
identification to be erroneous, effectively re-setting timing on the
deformational history by about 100,000,000 years. In addition, trace fossils
were also discovered, several being on the same bedding surfaces as the
Pteridinium. Abundant sedimentary structures have been noted, providing
additional information on which to interpret depositional environments. The
Pteridinium in North Carolina, provides information relative to late
Precambrian plate geometry.
Capping the shallowing upward nature of this
volcanosedimentary unit is the Yadkin Graywacke, a nearshore submarine to
subaerial sand units.
Hydrogeologically, the CSB has little primary porosity.
Secondary porosity is controlled by very closely-spaced, mainly closed, vertical
to near-vertical cleavages, making completing potable water wells with
reasonable flow rates a challenge. The CSB is one of several accretionary wedges
attached to the east side of the North American cratonic core. Prior to 1850,
North Carolina was the top gold producing state in the country, much of that
gold being recovered from the CSB. Gold is still panned from streams crossing
the CSB.
Contact
Gail Gibson, PhD, CPG, PR, REP
Adjunct Professor of Geology & Environmental Science
Florida Community College at Jacksonville
ggibson@fccj.edu
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STUDENT INTEREST IN GEOLOGY AS A PROFESSION
BEGINS IN THE K – 12 CLASSROOM
HOW CAN WE HELP?
Gail G. Gibson, Ph.D., CPG, PR, REP (ggibson@fccj.edu), Steven. A. Teeter,
Science Teacher (West Stanly High School,
(Steven_A._Teeter@scs.k12.nc.us)
Abstract
College faculty complain about the preparation of entering
freshmen. Professionals attending annual meetings comment about the paucity of
truly qualified individuals applying for positions. K-12 teachers are often weak
in content knowledge, in part because of their background and in part because of
the lack of discipline-specific professional development opportunities. How can
I help?
There are several ways to assist teachers in K-12 classrooms.
Serving as Science Fair judges at school competitions is rewarding. This is a
once a year, half day commitment for a school. Some schools have monthly "Lunch
Buddies" programs where professionals join a specific class for lunch, and talk
with the students.
If you have a child in elementary school, get to know the
teacher. Learn what the State Standards in science require. Offer to do
classroom presentations. Donating mineral and rock samples to a class or classes
is a plus. Make sure the teacher is comfortable with using these samples in the
future. Stay in contact with the teacher.
For the professional organization such as AIPG, invite local
K-12 teachers to meetings. Encourage them to participate in field trips and make
them welcome. Include teachers in your communications lists. State AIPG sections
can have membership in State Science teacher groups, have displays and mineral /
rock giveaways at the annual science meetings, and present hands-on workshops
(mineral identification, etc.). For those AIPG members so inclined, submit
papers to and hold membership in the National Earth Science Teachers Association
or the National Association of Geoscience Teachers.
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Hydrogeological Evaluation for Millennium Park, Kent County, Michigan
Gillett, Bruce E., (Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber)
Abstract
A hydrogeological evaluation was performed for Millennium
Park located on the southwest side of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The study was
completed to assist the Kent County Parks Department with design and development
of the park which, at 1500 acres, will be one of the largest urban parks in the
nation. The vision for the park includes not only greenspace preservation, but
also reclamation and restoration of natural habitats from many years of
industrial uses including gypsum mining, oil and gas production, and sand and
gravel mining.
Millennium Park is situated along the Grand River and
includes three streams as well as numerous lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Some of
the existing and proposed park features, such as the beach, playgrounds, boat
launch, and canoe trail, are dependent upon the geology and hydrology of the
park. Water levels in the lakes and streams at the site are known to vary
considerably due to both rainfall events and Grand River flooding. Due to the
changing nature of water levels and complex interrelationships of the site
geology, lakes, ponds, streams, wetlands, and water quality, a detailed
hydrogeological and surface water evaluation was necessary.
The results of the evaluation help answer critical park
development questions and allow the Parks Department to effectively integrate
the natural features of the property into the park design. Among other things,
the evaluation indicated the eastern lakes were impacted to some extent by the
gypsum mines, portions of the park will flood due to both local rainfall events
and Grand River flooding, and some of the lakes should not be directly connected
to form a canoe trail.
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Geologic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration -- Overview
Gorman, Robert F., Vice President, NTH Consultants, Ltd, Farmington Hills,
Michigan
Abstract
Understanding the processes involved in sequestering carbon
dioxide in deep rock formations has advanced quickly in just the past few years.
This has been fueled by the need to find options to remove carbon dioxide from
stationary source emissions to the atmosphere. The US Department of Energy has
funded a significant study of the issue and has launched a series of seven
"Carbon Sequestration Partnerships" across the country.
Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide involves permanent
storage of this gas in underground formations after it has been captured from
power plants or other large industrial operations. Geologic sequestration
targets include depleted oil and gas fields, deep, ‘saline’ formations and
unmineable coal seams. Experience from existing enhanced oil recovery projects
and underground natural gas storage projects provide valuable information to
assess gas storage behavior and carbon dioxide sequestration feasibility.
Examples and selected information from case studies from the
Michigan and Illinois Basins are used to present an overview of these options.
These are useful in understanding the elements of a feasibility analysis.
Contact
Robert F. Gorman
NTH Consultants, Ltd.
38955 Hills Tech Drive
Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331
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Geologic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration -- Overview
Gorman, Robert F., Vice President, NTH Consultants, Ltd, Farmington Hills,
Michigan
Abstract
Understanding the processes involved in sequestering carbon
dioxide in deep rock formations has advanced quickly in just the past few years.
This has been fueled by the need to find options to remove carbon dioxide from
stationary source emissions to the atmosphere. The US Department of Energy has
funded a significant study of the issue and has launched a series of seven
"Carbon Sequestration Partnerships" across the country.
Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide involves permanent
storage of this gas in underground formations after it has been captured from
power plants or other large industrial operations. Geologic sequestration
targets include depleted oil and gas fields, deep, ‘saline’ formations and
unmineable coal seams. Experience from existing enhanced oil recovery projects
and underground natural gas storage projects provide valuable information to
assess gas storage behavior and carbon dioxide sequestration feasibility.
Examples and selected information from case studies from the
Michigan and Illinois Basins are used to present an overview of these options.
These are useful in understanding the elements of a feasibility analysis.
Contact
Robert F. Gorman
NTH Consultants, Ltd.
38955 Hills Tech Drive
Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331
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Occurrence of Methane at a Former Petroleum Refinery
HARDING, Barry J., Earth Tech, Grand Rapids, Michigan;
SPRUIT, Jeffrey D., Michigan Department of Environmental Quality – Remediation
and Redevelopment Division, Kalamazoo District, Michigan.
Abstract
The presence of methane (CH4) at a 70-year old
abandoned petroleum refinery is documented as a case study for use by
regulators, consultants and academics. Methane in soil-gas can pose
environmental risks because it can be an asphyxiant in basements of receiving
structures, and is an explosion hazard when present at concentrations between 5
and 15 percent by volume in air. Proper characterization of methane sites is
important to determine environmental liability and the selection of an
appropriate remedy.
Successful investigation at the 75-acre study area included:
Use of sonic drilling techniques, continuous
profiling of soil, and down-hole methane screening.
Monitoring of redox conditions in groundwater.
Groundwater sampling using pressurized manifold
system to maintain aquifer pressure to collect dissolved methane (Isotech
Method).
Deployment of 50 near-surface "punch-bar" soil-gas
sampling locations and 12 off-site vapor monitoring points.
Frequent re-sampling and analysis of groundwater and
soil-gas, and
Development of a conceptual site model addressing the
source and migration of methane at the site.
Methane identified at the study area may be classified as
anthropogenic methane, derived from biological weathering of spilled refined
petroleum. High dissolved (>10,000 ug/L) and soil-gas methane (1,000 to 100,000
ug/L) concentrations strongly correlate spatially to known petroleum plume
boundaries. This is consistent with published literature suggesting a "causal
relationship" between petroleum-impacted soil and methanogenesis. Direct
indicators of methanogenesis included documentation of sub-surface anaerobic
aquifer conditions and presence of gaseous and dissolved methane. Challenges
include differentiating naturally-occurring methane in organic-rich soils from
"plume-derived" methane.
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Analyzing Ground Water Hydrology and Jurisdictional Wetland Hydrology
Monitoring using Pressure Transducer Data Loggers.
Hayes, Brian L. P.G. Environmental Scientist II, KCI Technologies, Inc.,
Raleigh, NC
Abstract
Monitoring shallow ground water hydrology is the key to
documenting hydrologic success in wetland restoration projects. With our
nation’s "No net loss" policy, successful restoration projects are crucial. A
number of methods have been developed to measure and record depth to ground
water, each with its own strengths. The pressure transducer data logger is
reasonably priced, durable, easy to install and replace in the field, quick to
download, and easy to reprogram. A typical data logger can hold at least 21,000
lines of data, so that at 12 hour recording intervals there is more than enough
memory for the typical five-year monitoring period of a restoration site. A
pressure transducer is totally enclosed and therefore is less susceptible to
mechanical failure than resitivity gauges, and can be set at any depth within
the range of the instrument as opposed to pre-set depths based on the
manufactured length of the gauge. A data logger is installed in a shallow
monitoring well, the well is surveyed at ground level and top of well, and the
data are analyzed to evaluate ground water conditions against the jurisdictional
wetland success criteria. When graphed with onsite precipitation data the
effects of evapotranspiration can be evaluated as well as the response of the
water table to a given storm. Reliable, accurate data are the keys to
documenting hydrologic success in a wetland restoration project, and as Dave
Rosgen says, "There is no substitute for data."
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Geothermal: A Role in Reducing Energy Costs and Global Warming
Heinzman, James R., Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Lansing, Michigan
Abstract
Rising energy costs, global warming, and pollution are
rapidly becoming national policy concerns. Increased use of geothermal resources
can address these concerns through large-scale development and implementation.
Geothermal resources, including soil, groundwater and surface
water are proven, reliable, and accessible commodities for development. Heat
pump technology to access this resource for heating and cooling is efficient,
easily implemented, and capable of dramatically reducing carbon emissions. It is
far more economical, long term, when compared to other heating and cooling
systems. Increased use of this technology can also result in reducing our
dependence on foreign oil.
Earth has a daily, seasonal, and annual energy budget. Heat
is continually transferred from sun to air to soil to ground and surface water
by climate and weather patterns. This constant weather-related energy influx
provides a sustainable resource. Geothermal resources need to be part of a full
range of existing domestic and alternative energy options currently under
development. This resource has proven capabilities to stimulate a new
energy-related economy while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
A geothermal system can heat and air condition homes,
businesses or industrial complexes with substantial cost reduction. Waste heat
from coal generation and industrial processes can be recycled and distributed to
customers. Large-scale design and management of geothermal heat systems for
neighborhoods, municipalities, industries, and regional utility companies are
areas of development that relate directly to geology.
The talk intends to generate discussion about geothermal
heating as a significant component of a sustainable energy policy.
Contact
James R. Heinzman
Chief, Geological Support Unit
Superfund Section
Remediation and Redevelopment Division
Department of Environmental Quality
Phone (517) 335-4713
Fax (517) 335-4887
E-MAIL heinzmaj@michigan.gov
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Risk Avoidance: Oxymoron?
Reduce Liability Exposure and Still Give Cutting-Edge Advice
Mark S. Henne, M.S., J.D., Fitzgerald Henne & Associates,
Inc., 3125 Sovereign Drive, Lansing, MI 48911
Abstract
Nearly everything we do in our professional and personal
lives creates and involves a decision about risk. Although risk can’t be
eliminated, it can be reduced. During the presentation, we’ll explore the ways
geologists create risk, and how to reduce risk and exposure to potential
liability while still serving our clients.
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Find in Bay
Holly, Mark, Northwestern Michigan College
Abstract
Underwater archaeologists and divers from the Grand Traverse
Bay Underwater Preserve Council have discovered the remnants of what could be an
ancient shoreline in Grand Traverse Bay. This feature consists of a 1000 foot
long line of boulders that was most likely formed between 7,000 and 10,000 years
ago when water-levels in Lake Michigan were substantially lower. Preliminary
investigations of the individual boulders indicate that they consist of granite,
limestone and dolomite and there is evidence that some of the stones could have
been set in a circle by humans. One of the largest granite boulders discovered
thus far displays what is arguably an image of a mastodon. While this image is
very clear, considering the boulder was part of a dynamic beach zone, the
authenticity of its human manufacture has yet to be established with certainty.
Experts in this field are currently being consulted. The image is of the full
body of a single mastodon (type of prehistoric elephant) with the head, trunk,
ears, back and legs having the clearest definition. There is also what has been
interpreted as a spear protruding from the animal’s mid-section, perhaps in the
area of the heart. The skeletal remains of mastodons have been found in many
locations throughout southern Michigan but as yet not in the Northwestern part
of the state. Mastodons are known to have existed during the period when
lake-levels were considerably lower and archaeologists have long posited that
they were a food source of Paleo-Indians, some of the first people to inhabit
the area after the last glaciation. If the image is authenticated, it could
prove to be some of the earliest evidence of ancient mans activities in the
region and is a highly significant find.
Dr Holley teaches the introduction to underwater archaeology
course offered by Northwestern Michigan College and is the underwater
archaeologist for The Grand Traverse Bay Underwater Preserve Council.
Contact
Dr. Mark W. Holley Ph.D., B.A., CREA, CRA, IFA, FSA Scot
111 E. Front Street
Ovid, MI 48866
PH 989-834-5611
FAX 989-834-5505
e-mail
mholley@shianet.org
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Stratigraphic Analysis – A Classical Approach to Environmental
Problem-solving
Howard, James F., PhD, Private Environmental Consultant, Owensboro, Kentucky
Abstract
Modern environmental investigations are heavily dominated by
mechanistic approaches to Site Evaluation. Many proposed remedial solutions do
not incorporate thorough analysis of the geologic controls on contaminant
occurrence and transport, either due to lack of time, money or staff
understanding of the basic principles and techniques of stratigraphic analysis.
This is particularly true when understanding the site setting requires
involvement of dynamic changes in hydrogeologic setting due to fluctuations of
controlling parameters through time.
This presentation will summarize some of the basic techniques
applicable to both large and small site environmental assessments. Case history
examples to illustrate the use of these stratigraphic analysis techniques in
assessing time-dynamic controls in contaminant occurrence and migration,
particularly in unconsolidated depositional regimes, will then be presented. The
case histories will include locations in the glaciated, marginal marine, fluvial
and arid depositional systems with special emphasis on using the concept of time
in assessing dynamic variation in Site hydrogeologic conditions.
Emphasis in the presentation will be placed on integration of
geologic framework with hydrogeologic controls to enhance efficiency of both
site assessment and selection of the most effective remedial technology
applicable to the site.
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Rapid NAPL Recovery using Two Different Enhanced Flushing Processes
James Jacobs, Environmental Bio-Systems, Inc., 707 View Point
Road, Mill Valley, CA 94491; Tel: 415-381-5195;
jimjacobs@ebsinfo.com;
www.ebsinfo.com
Leif Nelson, WorleyParsons Komex, Calgary, AB,
www.worleyparsons.com, tel.
403-247-0200, leif.nelson@worleyparsons.com
Jim Begley, inVentures Technologies of Canada,
www.isocinfo.com; Tel: 647-477-2394;
jim.begley@inVentures.ca
gPROHP System developed by inVentures Technologies, Inc.
Abstract
Rapid free product removal of hydrocarbons and solvents has
been a major challenge over the past three decades of remediation. Failing rapid
removal of free product allows for long-term dissolution around the edges of the
NAPL, providing a continuing and unabated source of dissolved groundwater
contamination. Two different enhanced flushing processes have been developed
within the past two years to rapidly remove gasoline free product from within an
aquifer. Process 1 involves a field trial in Ontario, Canada. Supersaturated
Water Injection (SWI) technology was used with carbon dioxide saturated water
injection for controlled mobilization of VOCs to the water table for collection
with soil vapor extraction (SVE) or dual phase extraction where NAPL was
present. In the SWI process, water was supersaturated with CO2 in the
gPROHP. mass transfer system. The saturated water was injected into
an aquifer test cell were a 200 liter hydrocarbon mixture had been placed
forming a residual NAPL zone. CO2
bubbles nucleated at the targeted area of the aquifer. The rising CO2
bubbles contact with VOC NAPL ganglia in the saturated zone and cause
volatilization of the VOCs into the vapor phase and mobilization of NAPL trapped
in pores.
Extraction and reinjection wells were used to recirculate the
CO2 saturated water.. The CO2 is distributed by flowing
water resulting in effective gas distribution followed by heterogeneous bubble
nucleation and continuous growth of gas bubbles in situ. A gas saturation front
developed which expanded laterally and vertically towards the water table. VOCs
mobilized to soil gas were extracted with a SVE system. Results indicated a
significant proportion of VOCs were removed by SVE.
Process 2 was performed at a former tank pit at a northern
California containing used hydraulic oil that was trapped beneath the saturated
zone. Process 2 used a two-step flushing process which included high-pressure
air injection and biosolvent injection to thin and mobilize the heavy oil, which
was measured up to 41 cm in height in one well. The high-pressure air injection
and biosolvents were used with high-vacuum extraction to recover both the used
hydraulic oil and the biosolvent. The final stage separated the heavy oil from
the unspent biosolvent and groundwater. Over 11 barrels of free product were
removed and a similar volume of biosolvent was recovered during the one week
process. Site closure is imminent. Geologic aspects of the free product removal
design will also be discussed.
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Unsaturated Zone Hydrology: Connection to Ground Water
Khire, Milind V., Ph.D., P.E., Michigan State University,
khire@egr.msu.edu, Research Complex
Engneering, E Lansing, MI 48824
Abstract
This presentation will focus on testing methods, computer
modeling tools, and applications of vadoze zone hydrology for geologists
focusing on ground water problems. Flow through unsaturated soils is important
because vadose zone is the connection between the ground surface and ground
water. Ground water recharge or contaminant impacts to ground water occur
through the vadose zone. Unsaturated hydraulic properties of soils play a vital
role when surficial geology and ground water regime are of interest. Compared to
ground water modeling, unsaturated flow modeling is more complex due to highly
non-linear nature of soil-water retention functions and related changes in the
unsaturated hydraulic conductivities of soils. In addition, unsaturated models
are more data intensive. In this presentation, state-of-the-art methods to
measure unsaturated hydraulic properties of soils (e.g., hanging column, water
potentiometer, tempe cells, instantaneous profile method, etc), use of sensors
for field applications, and computer modeling using the most commonly used
numerical models (HYDRUS-2D and Vadose/W) will be discussed. Example problems
including water balance of landfill caps and subsurface liquid distribution
systems will be presented to give a preview of unsaturated flow modeling.
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Ex-Situ Chemical Oxidation of Pentachlorophenol at a Former Manufacturing
Facility in Lester Prairie, Minnesota
Blakely, Robert; Kinsman, Larry; Orin Remediation Technologies, McFarland,
Wisconsin
Abstract
The project used ex-situ chemical oxidation methods to
successfully remediate soils contaminated with creosote compounds at a former
wood frame manufacturing plant in Lester Prairie, Minnesota. Two onsite areas,
Location One and Location Four, were selected for remediation using two
differing treatment chemistries, Iron-activated Hydrogen Peroxide (Fenton’s
Reagent) and Alkaline-activated Sodium Persulfate, respectively.
Prior to conducting onsite remediation, bench-scale testing
was performed using representative samples from Locations One and Four and both
treatment chemistries. Bench-scale testing allowed ORIN to evaluate different
treatment chemistries and dosage rates for optimal contaminant oxidation of
pentachlorophenol. The Fenton’s Reagent successfully treated the soil from
Location One but was unable to treat soil from Location Four, even after
multiple applications, due to high petroleum concentrations. However, the Sodium
Persulfate chemistry successfully treated soil from Location Four in one
application and therefore was subsequently chosen for full-scale remediation.
Subsequent to bench-scale testing, onsite ex-situ remedial
activities were implemented. Ex-situ remediation consisted of spraying the
treatment chemistry directly onto the contaminated soil while simultaneously
mixing the soil using an excavator within the excavation. The soil was fully
saturated with treatment chemistry to ensure contact with contaminants. At
Location Four, the lime catalyst was added as a solid and subsequently mixed.
Results from Location Four are summarized in the chart below.
The lime used for alkaline-activation served a dual purpose: it catalyzed the
creation of the sulfate radical necessary for oxidation by increasing soil pH
while desorbing the pentachlorophenol from the creosote.
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Oxygen-Enhanced Air Sparging for Remediation of NAPL at a Former
Manufactured Gas Plant
Mark R. Klemmer, PE (ARCADIS, Novi,
Michigan)
Robert A. Ferree, CPG (ARCADIS, Novi, Michigan)
Kevin R. Wilson (ARCADIS, Novi,
Michigan)
Roger C. Whiting, PE (Consumers Energy, Jackson,
Michigan)
Air sparging and soil-vapor
extraction (AS/SVE) have been in operation at the site of a former manufactured
gas plant (MGP) in Manistee, Michigan since 2003. The site, located along the
Manistee River, was an operating MGP from 1882 to 1950. Soil and groundwater
impacts at the site consist of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), with residual non-aqueous phase
liquids (NAPL) in a smear zone from approximately 18 to 22 feet below grade.
The AS/SVE system was installed
to prevent migration of dissolved-phase impacts to the Manistee River. After
three months of operation, concentrations of BTEX compounds at the site were
reduced to below cleanup criteria. Naphthalene concentrations in the NAPL smear
zone area have persisted above cleanup goals.
In 2007, liquid oxygen was used
to increase the oxygen content of the injected air. Dissolved oxygen
concentrations have reached 16 milligrams per liter in the deep zone, yet remain
below 0.5 milligrams per liter in the shallow zone.
A biological activity assessment
was performed to quantify the rate of naphthalene degradation and the
approximate time required to degrade the residual NAPL smear zone. Collection of
vapor samples for carbon dioxide and groundwater samples for biological oxygen
demand; plate counts for aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria; interfacial tension;
and dissolved oxygen; in addition to field observation of byproducts of aerobic
respiration have shown the rate of naphthalene degradation at the site could be
as much as 35 pounds per day. Performance monitoring of the system is ongoing.
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Altering the Geochemistry of a Glacial Outwash Aquifer to
treat a TCE Groundwater Plume
Michael Kovacich (mkovacich@geotransinc.com),
David Beck and Tammy Rabideau
(GeoTrans, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan USA)
Michael Zack and Michael Cannaert (Visteon Corporation, Van Buren Twp.,
Michigan, USA)
Abstract
The goal of this study was to
use results from a pilot test biobarrier to design and install a full-scale
biobarrier to treat a tricholoroethene (TCE) plume. The Site is located in
central Indiana, where historic use of TCE has impacted an unconfined aquifer
glacial outwash aquifer. A plume consisting primarily of TCE has migrated from
west to east across the Site toward a regionally significant river. The plume is
approximately 1,100 feet wide, 6,300 feet long, and up to 50 feet deep. The
horizontal groundwater flow velocity is estimated to be 2.0 to 5.0 feet/day.
Site geochemical and volatile organic compound (VOC) data did not indicate the
natural attenuation of TCE. A bench test indicated that bioaugmentation could be
successfully applied at the site. A pilot test combining direct-push injection
of emulsified vegetable oil with 5% lactate in 14 drive points with a
circulation cell, followed by bioaugmentation with halorespiring bacteria, was
completed at the site. Complete dechlorination of TCE to ethene was observed in
select monitoring wells and significant dechlorination of TCE was observed in
all other monitoring wells within the circulation cells. Halorespiring bacteria
(Dehalococcoides) growth throughout the pilot test plot was confirmed
using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques.
A full-scale biobarrier was
installed along the downgradient property boundary and extended 1,200 feet
perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction. The biobarrier consisted of two
rows of electron donor injection points at the northern and southern margins of
the plume and three rows in the central portion of the plume. A combination of
105 temporary points and 60 permanent points was used to construct the
biobarrier. The permanent points were installed to provide locations where
bacterial inoculum and future electron donor application could be applied. Each
permanent point was screened across the entire saturated thickness of the
impacted aquifer.
A total of 60,000 lbs of
electron donor, an emulsified vegetable oil with lactate product (EVO), was
applied to the biobarrier to condition the aquifer prior to bioaugmentation.
Three groundwater extraction wells were used to supply make-up water to three
different portions of the biobarrier. The make-up water was used to prepare a
20% EVO solution, which was delivered to the subsurface. The central extraction
well was located in an area where a viable bacterial population persisted from
an earlier bioaugmentation pilot test. The EVO donor solution prepared from this
water successfully "pre-seeded" the central portion of the biobarrier. Two
months following donor addition, 330 liters (L) of dechlorinating bacterial
culture (KB-1) was applied to the entire length of the biobarrier including the
pre-seeded area. PCR techniques confirmed that Dehalococcoides was
present four weeks after inoculation, and a significant increase in the
percentage of the Dehalococcoides microbial population was observed after
eight weeks. Subsequently, 13 months of very positive dechlorination trends have
been observed at every inoculation point and local down-gradient monitoring
wells and complete dechlorination has been observed in one down-gradient well.
Additional monitoring results will be presented.
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Economical Application of the
Self-Potential Method to Remedial Investigation and Treatment System Monitoring
at a Petroleum Release Site, Muskegon, Michigan.
Lint, Robert J. CPG, and
Mankowski, Leonard C., MACTEC Engineering & Consulting, Traverse City, Michigan.
Abstract
Using physical sampling and
analysis to map groundwater contamination can be costly, time consuming, and
obtrusive work. A self-potential geophysical survey was conducted to quickly and
inexpensively locate a gasoline contaminant plume in groundwater. The naturally
occurring breakdown of gasoline contaminants in groundwater results in depletion
of electron donors, with a corresponding decline in redox potential. The area of
electron donor depletion was measured indirectly from the ground surface using
the self-potential method.
Based on traditional
investigation methods, a contaminant plume was identified flowing beneath a
residential neighborhood. Contamination impacts an unconfined aquifer consisting
of generally homogeneous sand. The depth to water ranges from 8 to 25 feet below
grade level. The redox potential of groundwater within the plume is several
hundred millivolts lower than regional levels. The redox anomaly was detected
from the ground surface with a self-potential survey conducted within road
right-of-ways. Results of the self-potential survey correlate well with data
collected by conventional methods and accurately locate the longitudinal axis of
the contaminant plume.
A single person completed the
field survey in a few hours with less than 100 dollars of reusable equipment.
Survey equipment consists of two or more porous pot electrodes, 1,000 ft of 18
gauge insulated wire, and a digital volt meter. Electrode construction, field
methods, and data reduction techniques will be discussed.
Finally, the self-potential
method is being applied to remediation monitoring of newly installed groundwater
circulation wells and opportunities to inexpensively monitor the efficacy of new
treatment technologies is further discussed.
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Development of a 3-Dimensional Geotechnical
Model Using Diamond Drill Hole Data
Moore, Gretchen1, Dehn, Kathryn2,
Marjerison, John1
1 Stillwater Mining Company,
Stillwater Mining Company, Stillwater Mine, 2562 Nye Road, Nye, MT 59061
2
Stillwater Mining Company, Stillwater Mining
Company, East Boulder Mine, P.O. Box 1227, Big Timber, MT 59011-1227
Predicting the required ground
support in underground excavations and the cost of that support is critical in
underground mine planning. It was identified at the East Boulder Mine, that a
tool for predicting the geotechnical parameters of an area would facilitate
better coordination between departments for planning, scheduling and cost
analyses of new excavations. The 3-Dimensional model is based on an existing
2-Dimensional model in use at the Stillwater Mine1. A methodology was
developed, utilizing Vulcan software, to create a 3-Dimensional block model from
existing 3-Dimensional solids and surfaces that correspond with the zone to the
South of the mineralized zone, the mineralized zone, and the zone to the North
of the mineralized zone. After the geometry of the model is defined, the
unconfined compressive strength, block size, friction angle, stress reduction
factor and rock mass quality are calculated based on values of rock quality
designation, joint set number, joint roughness number, joint alteration number
and point load index that are observed in the diamond drill holes for the 3
zones. The data is length weight composited and treated as sample points for
each zone with only samples that are flagged for each zone being used to
estimate blocks in each zone2,3. Graphical representations of the
model can then be plotted using a color-coded key for different variables
corresponding to minimum ground support criteria. The resulting 3-Dimensional
model provides a powerful prediction tool allowing better planning, scheduling
and cost analysis prior to excavation.
References
1
Langston, R. (2006) Re: Data and equations, e-mail to Gretchen Moore
(gmoore@stillwatermining.com),
13 Feb [accessed 13 Feb 2006].
2
Kirsten, H.A.D.K., Langston, R. Rock Engineering Aspects Investigated During May
Visit to Mine. Steffen, Roberson and Kirsten Report to Stillwater Mining Co. #
208592/4, June 1997.
3
Kirsten , H.A.D.K., Langston, R. Rock Engineering Aspects Investigated During
April Visit to Mine. Steffen, Robertson and Kirsten Report to Stillwater Mining
Co. # 208592/5, August 1998.
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Three-Dimensional Groundwater Model of a Gold Mine Near
Republic, Washington
Sinton, Peter1,,
James Flynn1, Ron Dixon2, David Banton3, Leslie
Smith4, and Joanna Moreno5
1: URS Corporation, Seattle,
Washington and Denver, Colorado
2: Department of Ecology, Yakima, Washington
3: Golder Associates, Seattle, Washington
4: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
5: Adventus Americas, Conifer, Colorado
Abstract
Groundwater flow at this site is
strongly-influenced by fault zones and the flow properties of heterogeneous
glacial deposits, the gold ore is hosted in deposits of complex shape, and the
underground mine will have numerous access portals and haulage tunnels to access
ore up to 500 feet below land surface.
The objectives of the modeling were to:
Develop a conceptual model that incorporates local data
collected over a 10-year period (water levels, aquifers tests, borehole
logs, stream baseflow).
Predict the pre-mining recharge-discharge and groundwater
flow conditions by calibrating the model to measured water levels and stream
baseflow.
Predict potential post-mining impacts on groundwater
levels and flow patterns, and on stream baseflow under average, seasonal,
and drought conditions.
A groundwater model using FEFLOW
was prepared and calibrated to simulate 3D groundwater flow patterns over an
area of about 60 km2 (Figure 1). The model simulates flow in
the discrete features (tunnels and fault zones) using 1D and 2D
high-permeability elements embedded in the 3D model. Time-dependent material
properties are used to represent mine development and backfilling.
The model was calibrated to
seasonal river flows under baseline and drought conditions and then predictions
were made for pre-mining, during mining, post-mining, and recovery phases under
different climate assumptions (see, for example, Figure 2). Detailed flow
balances for the area within the mine capture zone were developed and alternate
remedial measures compared. The model results were used as the basis for impact
analyses.
Figure 1: Model Domain Showing Topography and Discretization
Figure 2: Predicted Baseflow Change After Mine Closure
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Conventional and Geophysical
Approaches to Assess Preferential Flow Pathways Through Glacial Terrain,
Mancelona, Michigan
Murray, Steven D., CPG, Lint, Robert J., CPG,
and Mankowski, Leonard C., MACTEC Engineering & Consulting, Traverse City,
Michigan.
Adams, Janice A., and Wagoner, Robert, Michigan Department of Environmental
Quality, Remediation and Redevelopment Division, Gaylord Field Office.
Abstract
The Wickes TCE Plume extends
approximately eight miles laterally from a source built on a glacial outwash
plain in Mancelona, Michigan into a glacial moraine complex and impacts
groundwater to depths of nearly 500 feet below grade. The Cedar River Well Field
was previously constructed in a deep aquifer down gradient of the plume to
replace residential and municipal supply wells and is now threatened by greater
than anticipated plume expansion. Regional groundwater flow models could not
account for the extent of plume migration. Conventional and geophysical methods
were used to search for glacial deposits that may be acting as a preferential
flow pathway.
Conventional investigation
methods included rotosonic soil coring and modified rotosonic vertical aquifer
sampling, groundwater sampling, and slug and pump tests. Geophysical
investigation techniques included induced polarization and resistivity surveys
near the source of the plume. High resolution compression and shear wave seismic
surveys were performed in the distal portion of the plume.
High permeability zones that
contribute to plume expansion were discovered during soil coring, slug testing,
and the electromagnetic surveys. Seismic survey results coordinated with
rotosonic cores and pump tests were used to map the thickness and lateral
continuity of a low permeability layer that confines the top of Cedar River Well
Field aquifer. Identified vertical migration risk points are being monitored
with sentinel monitoring wells.
Investigation results will be
presented and applied to the site-specific geologic and hydrogeologic models.
Both seismic and electromagnetic studies have produced cost effective model and
feasibility analysis improvements.
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Geological Aspects of Contaminant Generation,
Transport and Fate, Gilt Edge Mine Superfund Site, Lawrence County, South Dakota
Nelson, Mark, CPG, CDM Inc., Denver,
Colorado
Fundingsland, Steve, CDM Federal
Programs Inc., Denver, Colorado
Anton, Nicholas, CDM Inc., Denver, Colorado
Abstract
The Gilt Edge Mine is a
superfund site located in the northern Black Hills of South Dakota. The site
generates about 95 million gallons of acid drainage each year, which is
collected and treated prior to discharge to prevent contamination of area
surface and ground water. Remediation of acid generating mine sites is an
interdisciplinary process that requires evaluation by scientists and engineers
in numerous disciplines. Geological aspects of this process require
consideration of lithology and mineralogy, ore mineralization, alteration,
structural geology, geochemistry and hydrogeology. Contaminant generation
results from chemical weathering of pyrite and other ore minerals. Products of
these oxidation reactions such as sulfate, protons, and metals react with
minerals in the host rock. At Gilt Edge, this process results in formation of
strongly acidic water containing high concentrations of toxic heavy metals such
as cadmium, copper and zinc. The propensity for acid generation in Gilt Edge
rocks is controlled by both hypogene sulfide mineralization and supergene
oxidation. Permeability of the host rock is dominated by secondary permeability
in the form of interconnected fractures and major fracture zones, which causes a
very irregular lower boundary of supergene oxidation. Secondary permeability
also controls infiltration of water through the vadose zone and migration of
contaminants in ground water. The Gilt Edge mine site presents an excellent
opportunity to apply numerous geological disciplines to develop important
components of an overall conceptual model that describes generation, transport
and fate of contaminants.
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The Disappearing Geo Workforce –Another
Indication of Global Warming?
Richard M. Powers, CPG, PG, BCI Engineers & Scientists, Inc,
rpowers@bcieng.com
Abstract
The profession of geology, like most others,
is cyclical in nature and fluctuates with our economy, society’s need for
natural resources, and on a more basic level "what profession is cool".
Currently our profession is experiencing a "glacial retreat" and some have
postulated that this is a possible indication of global warming. If one plots
the recent increase in average global temperature against the declining rate of
graduating US geoscientists, one might conclude that there is a profound
climatic influence on those wishing to pursue a geoscience career. Whether it’s
too hot outside to work or math and science are "to hard", geoscientists must
mobilize to increase the number of bright, motivated young people entering our
profession.
The statistics are staggering:
for every 350,000 undergraduates that experience a college level geology course,
approximately 5500 will major in and earn a geoscience degree based on 2005
data. Of those potential 5500 geoscientists that graduate each year from US
colleges and universities, inclusive of BS (4000), MS (1200) and PhD (500)
degrees only 1200 will enter the geo workforce. Are our careers that dismal and
boring? Is it the money? Is being an attorney, entrepreneur, of computer guru
that much more appealing?
The opportunities available for
geoscientists today are greater than ever before. Currently, there is 100%
employment for graduating geoscientists and still the numbers of students
entering our profession is small. This presentation will discuss the decline of
the geo workforce and what is being done to reverse the downward trend.
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Feasibility Evaluation of DNAPL Source Zone Reduction in Silty-Clay
Beneath an Occupied Residential and Commercial Structure
William J. Prall, C.P.G.
(wprall@grtusa.com), Nancy Posavatz,
M.S. (nposavatz@grtusa.com), (Global
Remediation Technologies, Inc., 1102 Cass Street, Traverse City, Michigan 49684,
United States, (231) 941-8622, (231) 941-4131)
Following a thorough feasibility process, Global Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (GRT) determined that use of in situ thermal treatment was the best
available technology for source reduction at a site located in Southwestern
Michigan. The site is a former manufacturing facility that had been redeveloped
using Brownfield funding to convert the property to residential living units and
a public health club. Investigation activities performed following completion of
the residential and commercial developments identified the presence of a mixed
waste DNAPL with the primary component being trichloroethylene.
The geology at the site is primarily silty-clay and presented challenges for
traditional forms of DNAPL recovery. GRT evaluated several technologies for
reduction of the source zone, and determined that in situ thermal
remediation was the best available technology for achieving desired results.
Technologies screened during the feasibility process in addition to in situ
thermal remediation included excavation and disposal (including building
demolition and re-construction), in situ mixing with zero valent iron,
in situ chemical oxidation, and in situ bioremediation.
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Geochemistry of Arsenic Contamination at Deltaic Aquifer of Kolaroya,
Bangladesh
Rahman Md. Tauhid-Ur1, Mano Akira 1, Udo Keiko 1
and Ishibashi Yoshinobu 2
1Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Civil Engineering,
Tohoku University
Aoba 6-6-11-1110, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku Gakuin
University
1-13-1 Chuo, Tagajo, Miyagi Pref. 985-8537 Japan
Abstract
This paper is aiming to reveal the hydro-geochemical aspect
that controls the arsenic (As) mobilization at the shallow aquifer composed of
deltaic sediment, at an As hot-spot, Kolaroya, Bangladesh. Geochemical analysis
shows that the sampled ground water is mostly Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl type.
Multivariate data analysis illustrates that As appears to have strong positive
relationships with pH, Fe, Al, Ca, HCO3 and PO4. However,
adverse relationships are also observed with EC, depth, Na, Cu and NH4-N.
Samples having higher pH (8.10), contains elevated As concentration (154 µg/l).
Large quantity of Ca (171.3 mg/l) and bicarbonate (514 mg/l) in ground-water
could be an evidence of possible carbonate dissolution that might have been
happening in the aquifer sediment either from calcite or dolomite. Consequently
this could be one of the reasons of releasing As at a higher concentration in
the ground water. High PO4 and NH4-N in groundwater might
be from the decomposed buried peat deposit. Total organic carbon of the sediment
(2.6%) also supports the presence of buried peat. Higher pH (8.98) and lower Eh
(-5 mV) of sediment sample claims that the unsaturated zone is very reductive in
nature where As3+ is dominating. Significant amount of phosphate was
found in that groundwater. That can compete with As for searching of sorption
sites which again could stimulate the de-sorption of As. Selective sequential
extraction test presents that As available in sediment is mostly in the strong
adsorbed form. Higher As was found in brown clay (34.4 mg/kg) in a shallow depth
(9 m) whereas lower As was reported in coarse sand (11.2 mg/kg) in a deeper
aquifer (120 m).
Figure1: Loading plot of Multivariate data analysis showing the relationship of
As with other anions
Figure 2: Loading plot showing relationship of As with other accompanying
heavy metals
Figure 3: As and Fe relationship in Aquifer Sediment
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Observed Ground-Water-Level Response to the Shut Down of a
Ten Million Gallon per Day Ground-Water Withdrawal, Monroe County, Michigan, USA
Reeves, H.W. and Nicholas, J.R., USGS Michigan Water Science
Center, 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5, Lansing, Michigan 48911
Abstract
In December, 2002, an aggregate quarry in Monroe County,
Michigan, ceased operations. Prior to shut down, approximately ten million
gallons of water per day was removed from the sump within the quarry. Data from
both USGS monitoring wells and private-sector monitoring wells will be presented
and discussed. The regional recovery in water levels is quite extensive.
Approximately fifteen feet of recovery is observed in wells over seven miles
away from the quarry. The observations will be contrasted to standard
radius-of-influence calculations performed using data only from nearby wells.
These calculations indicate that the quarry should have very little impact on
water levels beyond one or two miles.
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Quarry-Induced Potentiometric Rebound in Southeastern
Michigan: 2003-2007
David P. Regalbuto, CPG and Sean C. Paulsen, Golder
Associates Inc., Wixom, Michigan
Abstract
Most of southeastern Michigan is underlain by
Silurian and Devonian carbonate formations that are commonly covered by less
than 100 feet of glacial overburden. Due to their accessibility, these bedrock
formations are a valuable resource from which aggregate is produced for
construction, ballast, and the manufacture of cement. In some areas, quarrying
has been active for over 100 years. Because bedrock quarrying in this part of
the state necessarily entails dewatering, water levels in areas surrounding the
quarries have experienced declines.
The glacial deposits in this part of the state
(i.e., Monroe, Wayne, and extreme southeastern Washtenaw Counties) are
predominantly comprised of glacio-lacustrine clay that is frequently underlain
by dense clay-rich glacial till. Where the glacial clay is of a sufficient
thickness and low enough permeability to act as an aquitard, Michigan solid
waste disposal statues and rules permit the construction of landfill cells to
depths below the potentiometric elevation in the clay, provided that: a) a
prescribed vertical isolation is maintained above the uppermost aquifer; and b)
uplift pressures will not result in failure of cell bottoms prior to waste
disposal.
In November 2002, the former London Aggregates
quarry, located in north-central Monroe County, ceased operations. Consistent
with U.S. Geologic Survey data, Golder Associates has observed the rebound of
water levels in the detection monitor well systems at several landfills located
within a 10- to 15-mile radius of the quarry. The rebound began during early
2003 and continues to the present. The rate and magnitude of increase in
groundwater levels is more pronounced in wells that are completed in the bedrock
than in the overlying glacial deposits. At some locations, the rebound has
exceeded 20 feet within a 4-year span. This magnitude of increase has the
potential to: a) alter the direction and magnitude of hydraulic gradients at
disposal facilities with detection monitoring systems; b) affect the
geochemistry of groundwater samples that are used to determine whether a
statistically significant difference in groundwater chemistry has occurred; and
c) impact stability where landfill cells are to be excavated into clay below the
potentiometric surface, but where construction may occur long after permit
issuance.
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Setting Yourself Apart with Brownfield Professional Certification
Richardson, Donald W., C.P.G., R.B.P., Kleinfelder,
Inc. Hamilton, NJ
Abstract
Established in 2004, the Institute of Brownfield
Professionals is an educational organization whose mission is to:
provide a forum for discussion of business,
regulatory, and technical issues of common interest;
represent members in regulatory matters;
provide educational and training media and fora to
advance members’ knowledge and capabilities;
certify the apparent capabilities of environmental
professionals; and
promote members’ availability to serve those who need
the services of environmental professionals.
Institute President-Elect Donald W. Richardson, C. P.G.,
R.B.P. will discuss the founding of the IBP and its development of the
Registered Brownfield Professional (R.B.P.) designation. The designation is
intended to recognize environmental professionals who have the qualifications to
design and conduct brownfields studies and develop remediation plans
effectively, in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s All
Appropriate Inquiry regulations. In this session, he will address the federal
government’s "environmental professional" criteria, how it differs from R.B.P.
criteria, the benefits becoming an R.B.P. creates for individuals and the
companies that employ them, and how to become an R.B.P.
Contact
Donald W. Richardson, C.P.G, R.B.P
Kleinfelder, Inc.
1 AAA Drive, Suite 203
Hamilton, NJ 08691
Tel: 609/583-5271 x329
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Predicting Groundwater Flow and Transport Using
Michigan’s Statewide Wellogic Database
Andreanne Simard, Ph.D., Golder Associates Inc.,
Lansing, Michigan
Abstract
One of the most significant
challenges in groundwater investigations is data limitation. The fact that the
subsurface environment is inherently heterogeneous makes the
data limitation problem particularly acute. Among the various data often needed
for groundwater investigations, the most critical components are water level and
hydraulic conductivity data. The collection of these data through
traditional means (e.g., installing monitoring wells, collecting monitoring
data, performing aquifer tests…etc) can be expensive and time prohibitive.
In this study, we present a new source of data for mapping groundwater levels
and generating estimates of hydraulic conductivity that are accurate across
multiple spatial scales. In particular, we propose integrating and making
systematic use of a massive amount of rarely-used, but highly valuable static
water level (SWL) data collected by drillers and accumulated over the past
several decades (publicly available through the Wellogic System). Although these
measurements can be relatively crude, they are available extensively and at a
high spatial resolution, which continues to increases with time. Many prior
investigations have concluded that these data may be too noisy for most
practical hydrogeologic applications; however, our systematic analysis shows
that, if properly processed, the SWL data from the Wellogic System can be
extremely useful, enabling surprisingly accurate predictions of
spatially-detailed and temporally representative groundwater flow patterns. In
addition, these data can be used to provide solid estimates of hydraulic
conductivity, which can be used to further estimate regional or local
groundwater flow rates. This tool may have significant implications and
application for a number of groundwater research and professional
investigations.
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Glaciotectonic and Associated Features in Detroit
Metropolitan Area
Simms, Frederick E. (Gene), Service Environmental Engineering,
Wayne County Community College,
Frederic.simms@sbcglobal.net, Birmingham, Michigan.
Abstract
In the Detroit Metro Area, a range of glaciotectonic and
associated glacial geology features occur which can be observed in excavations.
Three examples are described.
Near Franklin two thin clay-boulder moraines occur that are
overlaid by sheet sands with a thin basal conglomerate. Deformed sand clasts
occur in a complex layer between the moraines might suggest a deformable layer
under the former glacier. Sand-gravel wedges extend vertically trough the lower
till, do not show compressed margins and are not due to ice wedging. Perhaps
they opened up under other glacier derived stresses.
At the Clarkston Post Office a gravelly soil horizon,
water-laid gravels and sands overlay a clay-boulder moraine. A glaciotectonic
structure occurs that is 90 feet long, shows distinct compressive and extension
zones and thrust surfaces that vary from horizontal to nearly 30 degrees from
the horizontal.
Southwest of Mt. Clemens is a several hundred foot-long
deformed section that consists of a succession that includes a clay-rich moraine
overlain by sands, an ice laid gravel layer with oriented striations which is
succeeded by laminated sands. The orientation of the striations on the gravel is
parallel the length of the mapped moraine and the associated erosion surface
truncates the deformed section horizontally.
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Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery in the Michigan
Basin
Smith, LeRoy W., Optimal Value Energy LLC, Midland, Michigan.
Abstract
Opportunities exist in the
Michigan Basin for using carbon dioxide for the enhanced recovery of
hydrocarbons and sequestration of carbon dioxide. In addition to the value of
the recovery of additional hydrocarbons, utilizing carbon dioxide for enhanced
hydrocarbon production would provide a market for carbon dioxide that would
mitigate some of the costs of carbon capture and sequestration.
Michigan has produced over 1.3
billion barrels of oil since oil was discovered in the state. Since traditional
oil field recovery practices only recover about 25% to 40% of the oil in place,
large volumes of oil remain that could be recovered by injecting carbon dioxide
into old oil fields.
Not all oil reservoirs are
equally suited for enhanced oil recovery utilizing carbon dioxide. Michigan
stratagraphic units that have been studied are: Trenton / Black River in
southern Michigan; Dundee, Richfield, and Detroit River in central Michigan; and
Niagaran reefs in northern Michigan.
The Antrim Shale of northern
Michigan is an attractive target for enhanced natural gas production and carbon
dioxide sequestration. Demonstration work indicates that additional natural gas
can be released from organic materials in coals and shales with the injection of
carbon dioxide.
In addition to the evaluation of
the hydrocarbon reservoir, integrity of existing wells, existence of suitable
field unitization, and the feasibility of delivery of carbon dioxide all need to
be considered in evaluating carbon dioxide enhanced recovery opportunities.
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Use of Glacial Geology for Mineral Exploration
Stewart, Robert A. LFR Inc., 87 Church Street, East Hartford, CT 06108. Tel.
860.290.9300 Fax 860.290.9009 Email:
robert.stewart@lfr.com
Abstract
Glaciers erode, transport, and deposit debris systematically,
and by applying this basic tenet, geologists use glacial geology as a
prospecting tool, a concept commonly known as "drift prospecting," to search for
aggregate resources, industrial minerals, base metals, precious metals, and
gems. Drift prospecting is commonly unavoidable in glaciated terrain that lacks
significant bedrock outcrop, such as the Canadian Shield. Plumes of ore minerals
can be found in a variety of glacial deposits and landforms, including till,
glaciofluvial sediment, moraines, and eskers. The key to tracing the plumes
upglacier to the source lies in carefully delimiting the size and shape of the
plume, and through the provenance of the indicator boulders and minerals,
identifying the lithology of the bedrock target. Field techniques include air
photo interpretation, mapping glacial deposits and landforms, lithologic
tracking of large clasts ("boulder tracing") and indicator minerals, and
geochemical analysis of specific size fractions of selected soil horizons.
Airborne and ground geophysical surveys may provide useful supplementary
information. These techniques have resulted in the discovery of base metal and
precious metal deposits, and in the early 1990s, the world-class diamond
deposits in kimberlites of Nunavut (northern Canada). Other examples to be
presented include gold and barite mineralization (Matachewan, Ontario),
kimberlites (Northern Michigan), and uranium (Nunavut, Canada).
Contact
Robert A. Stewart, Ph.D., CPG
Senior Associate Geologist
LFR Inc.
87 Church Street
East Hartford, CT 06108
860.290.9300 x106 direct dial
860.803.9507 mobile
860.290.9009 facsimile
robert.stewart@lfr.com
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Effective Public Policy in
Mitigation of Oil Pollution Legacy Problems – Cooperative Use of Federal and
State Funding Mechanisms to Remedy Oil Pollution Risks
By John Valkenburg, The Adventus Group (DeWitt,
Michigan), Jeffrey D. Spruit, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
(Kalamazoo, Michigan), and Chris Englert, Malcolm Pirnie (Detroit, Michigan)
Abstract
Federal Oil Pollution Act (OPA)
funding (Figure 1) is available to State agencies to mitigate many oil pollution
problems in Michigan. Although the use criteria for this funding mechanism
appear fairly broad, there are cases where the applicability of this funding
mechanism is not obvious. Funding mechanism applicability is discussed relative
to two cases – mitigation of an abandoned crude oil pipeline in Kalamazoo
County, Michigan, and a former great lakes refueling facility. The pipeline
decommissioning project (Figure 2) demonstrates a highly successful example of
interagency cooperation and obvious OPA applicability, and the great lakes
refueling facility highlights a case where OPA applicability was not as
clear-cut.
The pipeline decommissioning
project prevented a potentially catastrophic release of crude oil to numerous
environmentally sensitive areas, satisfied the "Due Care" obligations of the
property owners, improved local property values, improved development potential
and presented the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) with the
opportunity to recover the vast majority of project costs.
The great lakes refueling
facility was considered for funding, including an on-site meeting with relevant
funding agency representatives. Funding applicability was somewhat ambiguous,
and was not pursued further.
Figure 1. Oil Pollution Act
Funding
Figure 2. Example Photo of Crude
Oil Pipelline Decommissioning
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
Mr. John Valkenburg, MS, PE
John Valkenburg, Senior Engineer, The Adventus Group, 1493
West Pratt Road, DeWitt, Michigan, 48820,
John.Valkenburg@AdventusGroup.com.
John has more than 20 years of industry experience, including 5 years as an
environmental chemist and over 15 years in environmental sciences. John has
worked on a broad array of environmental assessment, construction, and
remediation projects for both industrial and governmental clients. His areas of
technical expertise and proficiency include: Environmental Remedial
Investigations and Feasibility Analyses; Construction document and specification
preparation; and Construction administration. A 1991 graduate of the University
of Illinois, Valkenburg holds a M.S. in Environmental Engineering. He is also a
licensed professional engineer in Michigan, and certified by the Construction
Specifications Institute as both a Construction Document Technologist (CDT) and
a Certified Construction Specifier (CCS).
Mr. Jeffrey D. Spruit
Jeffrey D. Spruit, Project Manager, Michigan Department of
Environmental Quality, 7953 Adobe Road, Kalamazoo, Michigan,
spruitj@michigan.gov. Mr. Spruit has
over 24 years experience as a geologist and project manager. Jeff has worked on
a broad array of contaminated sites and environmental issues. He currently
manages complex and controversial state-funded,and privately-funded remedial
actions and Brownfield Redevelopment clean-ups. Additionally, he provides
geological support to district staff and project managers on Part 201 and Part
213 remedial actions and enforcement staff on district enforcement cases. Jeff
received a BS in Geology from Grand Valley State University in 1975 and a MS in
Geology from Western Michigan University in 1981.
Mr. Chris Englert, PE
Chris Englert, Associate, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., 645 Griswold,
Suite 1950, Detroit Michigan 48226,
cenglert@pirnie.com. Mr. Englert has more than 25 years of environmental
consulting experience. Chris has worked on a broad range of environmental
projects including: remedial design and construction, wastewater treatment; and
brownfields projects for both industrial and municipal clients. His areas of
technical expertise include: Environmental Remedial Investigations and
Feasibility Analyses; Remedial Design; Construction Administration; and
wastewater treatment. Mr. Englert received a B.S. in Environmental Engineering
in 1982 from the University of Michigan. He is also a licensed professional
engineer in Michigan.
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The Use of Sediment Pore Water Sampling as an Economic and
Effective Tool to Investigate Groundwater Plumes Discharging to Surface Water
Bodies
James A. Veenstra
(javeenstra@mactec.com) MACTEC
Engineering and Consulting, Traverse City, Michigan.
Abstract
Various remedial investigation
activities have been conducted at a facility located in northeastern Michigan
which is primarily contaminated with perchloroethylene, hexavalent chromium and
a brine solution. Groundwater has been impacted to a depth of 160 ft below
grade, and discharges into a stream 1/2 mile away.
Investigations performed by
MACTEC and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality included site
characterization through soil coring, vertical aquifer sampling, hydraulic push,
hollow-stem-auger, sonic drilling techniques, and various seismic surveys. Other
media investigated included surface waters, sediment, sediment pore water and
macroinvertebrates of the stream.
Recently, Michigan Department of
Environmental Quality staff performed pore water investigations in the valley
bottom where contaminated groundwater was suspected to discharge in order to
better determine the contaminant location and magnitude. Pore water samples were
collected from the sediments along the stream course. Sampling was conducted
utilizing stainless steel mini-piezometers. Laboratory and field analysis
indicated areas that were affected by the discharge. Sampling indicated that the
uppermost portion of the aquifer (containing perchloroethylene) discharges
directly through the stream bottom, and deeper portions of the plume containing
hexavalent chromium and brine, discharges beyond the present stream-course.
There are indications that this portion of the plume expression discharges to
the stream through hyporheic flow, converging to stream flow (Henry and Veenstra,
2007).
The pore water investigation
yielded some of the more valuable data regarding definition of impact to the
stream and its associated hyporheic zone and community, and did so at a
relatively low cost compared to other investigation components.
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Brett Davidson, President and CEO
Wavefront Energy and Environmental Services Inc.
Edmonton, AB, and Cypress, TX, USA
Abstract
The oil and gas industry as a whole is undergoing profound
change: there is a production decline in most oil operations worldwide, there is
growing worldwide demand for oil that is outstripping supply, and there remain
few new exploration and development basins to exploit. To bridge the gap between
supply and demand companies must look to, and institute new technologies to aid
in the exploitation of remaining reserves.
Wavefront’s patented PowerwaveTM Process is an
injection technology that allows users to improve the flow of fluids in
geological materials. The major applications of Powerwave include improved oil
recovery and the remediation of contaminated groundwater by increasing the
performance of existing systems.
Powerwave can trace its roots back to seismic research
conducted in the 1950s when earthquakes were observed to affect fluid levels in
oil wells by creating enhanced flow. The inventors of Powerwave undertook
further research into seismic wave theory to uncover the reason behind this
occurrence and found that, for many different geological environments, an energy
wave, having specific characteristics, would stimulate flow throughout the area
affected by the wave. This, in turn, would increase fluid flow, such as the
production of oil, similar to the increases that were observed by earthquake
seismic stimulation.
Contact
John Warren, Vice President
Wavefront Energy and Environmental Services Inc.
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A Hydrostratigraphic Approach for 3D Modeling of Aquifer Architecture
Welty, Nicklaus, ARCADIS, Novi, Michigan, Porsche, Robert, ARCADIS, Novi,
Michigan, Kurzanski, Paul, CSX Transportation, Jacksonville, Florida
Abstract
Detailed aquifer characterization is fundamental to
development of effective remedial strategies. Without an understanding of the
complex, three-dimensional hydrostratigraphic architecture, remedial system
design can overlook significant heterogeneities that influence contaminant
transport. Geostatistical techniques like geologic indicator kriging (GIK) have
been successfully employed when a wealth of data exist. This approach was used
at an industrial site in western Michigan, where data have been collected from
nearly 200 boreholes. The site is adjacent to the Grand River, and is underlain
by sequences of post-glacial fluvial sediments. Simplified "layer-cake"
stratigraphy fails to represent the complex facies patterns that are present.
Geologic data from the site were imported to CTech’s Environmental Visualization
System (EVS), a program designed for 3D analysis of environmental data, and 3D
GIK routines were applied. Results demonstrate the importance of approaching
aquifer characterization from a depositional environment framework.
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Hydrogeology of the Yellow Dog Plains, Marquette County, Michigan: Testing
Segerstrom’s Conceptual Model of "Beheading" the Yellow Dog River with Real
Data.
Wiitala, Daniel W., CPG-10210, North Jackson Company, Marquette, Michigan
Abstract
In 1964, Kenneth Segerstrom (USGS) published a paper (1) that
presented a conceptual model of the Quaternary hydrologeological evolution of
the Yellow Dog Plains of northern Marquette County, Michigan. Based on watershed
drainage patterns and quaternary depositional models, his model concluded that
much of the upper reaches of the Yellow Dog River would inevitably be
"beheaded", or captured, by the continual increase in drainage basin size by the
headward cutting of the Salmon Trout River into the Yellow Dog plains from the
north. This erosional progression of drainage basin development on the Yellow
Dog Plains has been in action since the start of post-glacial drainage,
following a period of glacial deposition and glacial lake drainage that
previously dominated the hydrology of the area and created the surficial geology
of the Yellow Dog Plains as it exists today.
Since 2002, the hydrogeology of the Yellow Dog Plains has
been studied intensively as part of baseline environmental studies for a
proposed non-ferrous metallic mining project. These studies have resulted in a
testing of Segerstrom’s hypothesis with significant stream flow, groundwater
flow, and hydrogeochemical data and groundwater/surface water flow modeling.
These data strongly support the conceptual model offered by Segerstrom and
currently the groundwater basin associated with the Salmon Trout River extends
well south of the surface watershed divide between the two rivers that is
defined based on land surface topography.
Segerstrom, K., 1964, Negaunee Moraine and the Capture of the Yellow Dog
River, Marquette County, Michigan, Geological Survey Research, U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 501-C, Pages C126-C129.
Contact
North Jackson Company
Dan Wiitala, P.G.
P.O. Box 218
1004 Harbor Hills Dr.
Suite 102
Marquette, MI 49855
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A Paleoenvironmental Cross Compression of the Arkadelphia
and Navesink Formations
Garretson, Clay: Paleontology Agent, AKM
Travel Company LLC, Van Buren, Arkansas
Abstract
Both the Arkadelphia and Navesink formations
are well known in paleontology as fossiliferous units given that each of these
fossils is representative of an animal that once lived in the environment
represented by the marl of the corresponding formation. Using the known
environmental niches of these organisms it is possible to narrow the environment
of deposition for these formations thereby resulting in a better
paleoenvironmental interpretation. The outcrops of the Arkadelphia used in this
study are located in southwest Arkansas and parts of Louisiana and Texas.
Outcrops of the Navesink are located in the Cretaceous outcrop belt of New
Jersey (specifically Monmouth County). The premise of this study is simply to
compare and contrast these two formations in the areas of geology and
paleontology in order to yield information concerning the paleoenvironment of
these two important areas. Background research on this problem has proven very
fruitful yielding stratigraphic sections and paleontological information. This
study will add to the overall understanding of the biomechanics at work in these
two localities.
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Evaluation of Asmari Reservoir Caprock Keybeds (Miocene), Pazanan Oil Field,
Zagros, Iran
Zarvani, A.Sasan, and Soleimani, Bahman, Petroleum Geology Group, Chamran
University, Ahwaz, zarvani@scu.ac.ir
Abstract
The Pazanan oil field located at South West of Iran with 60Km
long and 4-6 Km wide. This reservoir is one of the largest condensate gas
reservoirs in Iran that has an economical oil column. The caprock of this oil
field (Miocene age), were evaluated using well-logs (Gamma Ray and Sonic) SEM,
optical petrography, isotopic analyses and Geochemical data. The caprock type is
mainly co |
